Ohio Population, Economy, Jobs & Key Trends | Data Lab

Region: Ohio
Coverage: 1788 - 2025
Report ID: RH-19617AE28D1444BB
URL: https://greenblog.co.kr/en/data-report/ohio-population-economy-jobs-key-trends-data-lab/

=== Full report ===
Ohio contains several distinct regional systems: the central Columbus growth corridor, Cleveland’s Lake Erie industrial and port region, the Cincinnati-Dayton southwest, and Appalachian communities in the southeast. The long-run measures also move differently. Primary energy production expands rapidly in the 2010s while total energy consumption remains below its earlier peak, and population grows slowly as household income and home values rise much faster. Energy production and consumption diverged sharply in the 2010s Primary energy production weakens for many years after 1985 and reaches its low point in 2002. It then recovers, with especially rapid growth from 2014 through 2019 when production reaches the high point of the observed period. Since 2020, production has remained below that peak but still well above much of the earlier history. Total energy consumption follows a very different path. It reaches its long-run high in 2000, generally trends lower afterward, and reaches the minimum of the observed period in 2020. Consumption recovers in 2021 and 2022, falls in 2023, and edges higher in 2024, but the latest level is still slightly below 1985. Population changed slowly while income and housing moved much faster Ohio’s population rises over the long run after 2011, but annual movement is modest. A noticeable step occurs in 2021, followed by continued gradual growth to the highest level of the current window in 2024. Median household income rises steadily across the period, while median home value declines to a low in 2014 and then turns into a sustained increase. Housing appreciation becomes especially strong after 2022, producing a much faster recent movement than the population trend. Unemployment followed a long decline after 2013 The unemployment rate reaches the high point of the current window in 2013 and moves lower through most later years. Even the 2020 and 2021 values remain well below the earlier peak, and the rate reaches the lowest point of the observed period in 2024. Lower unemployment and higher income overlap for much of the period, but those two measures alone do not establish a causal relationship. Columbus, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Dayton, and Appalachian Ohio have different industrial and labor-market structures. Columbus, Cleveland, Cincinnati and Appalachian Ohio form different systems Columbus combines state government, higher education, research, and services. Cleveland has a Lake Erie, port, manufacturing, and health-care history. Cincinnati anchors the southwest along the Ohio River, while Dayton adds a strong aviation and engineering identity. Cuyahoga Valley and Hocking Hills add conservation and recreation landscapes to a state often associated with industry. Appalachian southeastern Ohio has a larger share of small communities and mountain terrain, producing access, housing, and labor conditions that differ from the largest metropolitan areas. The timeline runs from early settlement to a new Appalachian transport project The 1788 settlement at Marietta extends the story before Ohio statehood in 1803. The Ohio & Erie Canal, Dayton aviation experimentation, the Great Flood of 1913, the Ohio Turnpike, the Cuyahoga River fire, and the Kent State shootings mark very different transport, technology, environmental, disaster, and civic chapters. The 2023 East Palestine derailment renewed questions about freight transport and community safety, while the 2025 start of construction on the final Chesapeake Bypass connection moves a long-running southern Ohio road project into another phase. These events add regional context without serving as single-cause explanations for statewide measures. Sources US_EIA · Total primary energy productionUS_EIA · Total energy consumptionUS_CENSUS_DATA_API · PopulationUS_CENSUS_DATA_API · Median household incomeUS_CENSUS_DATA_API · Median home valueUS_CENSUS_DATA_API · Unemployment rate FAQ Why did Ohio’s energy production and consumption move differently? They measure different parts of the energy system. Production tracks energy produced within Ohio, while consumption tracks energy used in the state. Industry mix, energy sources, efficiency, weather, and transport can affect them differently. Why can home values rise much faster than Ohio’s population? Housing values also respond to supply, financing conditions, household income, local demand, and inventory. They do not have to move at the same pace as statewide population. Does the 2025 Chesapeake Bypass construction explain Ohio’s 2024 economic measures? No. The 2025 milestone occurs after the current statistical window and is included as a later regional-infrastructure event, not as a cause of changes already observed through 2024. Ohio’s long-run pattern combines slow population growth with a major shift in energy production, lower long-run energy consumption, rising household income and home values, and a lower unemployment rate. Columbus, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Dayton, and Appalachian southeastern Ohio show why a single statewide average contains several distinct regional systems.

=== Metrics ===
Total primary energy production	1985	1258405	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	1986	1240700	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	1987	1283917	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	1988	1256035	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	1989	1253491	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	1990	1231532	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	1991	1162874	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	1992	1153596	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	1993	1034502	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	1994	1092906	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	1995	1046990	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	1996	1069571	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	1997	1092534	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	1998	1054445	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	1999	922646	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	2000	926423	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	2001	947528	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	2002	796045	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	2003	802228	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	2004	909534	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	2005	931886	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	2006	906549	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	2007	901650	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	2008	1047362	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	2009	1043658	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	2010	1041197	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	2011	1078635	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	2012	1069525	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	2013	1147093	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	2014	1547291	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	2015	2079830	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	2016	2412773	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	2017	2696660	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	2018	3354530	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	2019	3588947	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	2020	3189531	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	2021	3023674	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	2022	3025259	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	2023	3012720	Billion Btu
Total primary energy production	2024	3011962	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	1985	3512900	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	1986	3480380	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	1987	3611227	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	1988	3760180	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	1989	3846114	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	1990	3807991	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	1991	3806874	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	1992	3853846	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	1993	3904883	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	1994	4011173	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	1995	4091597	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	1996	4164743	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	1997	4145594	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	1998	4065311	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	1999	4218414	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	2000	4259607	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	2001	3999662	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	2002	3939151	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	2003	4007179	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	2004	4039591	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	2005	4069541	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	2006	3911618	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	2007	4037709	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	2008	3987333	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	2009	3651766	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	2010	3774549	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	2011	3729133	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	2012	3580325	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	2013	3657338	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	2014	3761753	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	2015	3659377	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	2016	3611003	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	2017	3556786	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	2018	3697556	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	2019	3570278	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	2020	3346090	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	2021	3492261	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	2022	3516554	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	2023	3390080	Billion Btu
Total energy consumption	2024	3431919	Billion Btu
Population	2011	11525536	persons
Population	2012	11533561	persons
Population	2013	11549590	persons
Population	2014	11560380	persons
Population	2015	11575977	persons
Population	2016	11586941	persons
Population	2017	11609756	persons
Population	2018	11641879	persons
Population	2019	11655397	persons
Population	2020	11675275	persons
Population	2021	11769923	persons
Population	2022	11774683	persons
Population	2023	11780046	persons
Population	2024	11810293	persons
Median household income	2011	48071	US dollars
Median household income	2012	48246	US dollars
Median household income	2013	48308	US dollars
Median household income	2014	48849	US dollars
Median household income	2015	49429	US dollars
Median household income	2016	50674	US dollars
Median household income	2017	52407	US dollars
Median household income	2018	54533	US dollars
Median household income	2019	56602	US dollars
Median household income	2020	58116	US dollars
Median household income	2021	61938	US dollars
Median household income	2022	66990	US dollars
Median household income	2023	69680	US dollars
Median household income	2024	71389	US dollars
Median home value	2011	135600	US dollars
Median home value	2012	133700	US dollars
Median home value	2013	130800	US dollars
Median home value	2014	129600	US dollars
Median home value	2015	129900	US dollars
Median home value	2016	131900	US dollars
Median home value	2017	135100	US dollars
Median home value	2018	140000	US dollars
Median home value	2019	145700	US dollars
Median home value	2020	151400	US dollars
Median home value	2021	159900	US dollars
Median home value	2022	183300	US dollars
Median home value	2023	199200	US dollars
Median home value	2024	214800	US dollars
Unemployment rate	2011	9.2959939158349	percent
Unemployment rate	2012	9.6981288757426	percent
Unemployment rate	2013	9.9661346350417	percent
Unemployment rate	2014	9.1885452153629	percent
Unemployment rate	2015	8.1666188677334	percent
Unemployment rate	2016	7.247602956987	percent
Unemployment rate	2017	6.45543697156	percent
Unemployment rate	2018	5.8245906154433	percent
Unemployment rate	2019	5.3212670816408	percent
Unemployment rate	2020	5.3034418996397	percent
Unemployment rate	2021	5.2656656845092	percent
Unemployment rate	2022	5.0139708450369	percent
Unemployment rate	2023	4.8458388271643	percent
Unemployment rate	2024	4.7604757406403	percent

=== Timeline ===
1788 1788
  - Permanent settlement established at Marietta — Ohio Company settlers arrived at Marietta in 1788 and established an early permanent settlement of the Northwest Territory at the confluence of the Ohio and Muskingum rivers.
1803 1803
  - Ohio becomes a state — Ohio entered the Union in 1803, establishing a state-level political and institutional framework.
1825 1825
  - Ohio & Erie Canal construction begins — Construction of the Ohio & Erie Canal began in 1825, strengthening a transport connection between Lake Erie and the Ohio River system.
1905 1905
  - Practical flight developed at Huffman Prairie — At Huffman Prairie near Dayton, the Wright brothers developed repeatable flight and control techniques that advanced the practical airplane.
1913 1913
  - Great Flood of 1913 — The Great Flood of 1913 caused severe damage across Ohio communities and river basins, highlighting the importance of flood management.
1955 1955
  - Ohio Turnpike opens — The Ohio Turnpike opened, strengthening an east-west highway corridor across northern Ohio.
1969 1969
  - Cuyahoga River fire — The 1969 Cuyahoga River fire became a powerful symbol of accumulated industrial water pollution.
1970 1970
  - Kent State May 4 shootings — The shootings by National Guard troops during an antiwar protest at Kent State became a major episode in modern U.S. history and public memory.
1986 1986
  - Total primary energy production: 1240700 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 3480380 Billion Btu
1987 1987
  - Total primary energy production: 1283917 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 3611227 Billion Btu
1988 1988
  - Total primary energy production: 1256035 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 3760180 Billion Btu
1989 1989
  - Total primary energy production: 1253491 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 3846114 Billion Btu
1990 1990
  - Total primary energy production: 1231532 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 3807991 Billion Btu
1991 1991
  - Total primary energy production: 1162874 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 3806874 Billion Btu
1992 1992
  - Total primary energy production: 1153596 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 3853846 Billion Btu
1993 1993
  - Total primary energy production: 1034502 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 3904883 Billion Btu
1994 1994
  - Total primary energy production: 1092906 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 4011173 Billion Btu
1995 1995
  - Total primary energy production: 1046990 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 4091597 Billion Btu
1996 1996
  - Total primary energy production: 1069571 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 4164743 Billion Btu
1997 1997
  - Total primary energy production: 1092534 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 4145594 Billion Btu
1998 1998
  - Total primary energy production: 1054445 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 4065311 Billion Btu
1999 1999
  - Total primary energy production: 922646 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 4218414 Billion Btu
2000 2000
  - Total primary energy production: 926423 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 4259607 Billion Btu
2001 2001
  - Total primary energy production: 947528 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 3999662 Billion Btu
2002 2002
  - Total primary energy production: 796045 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 3939151 Billion Btu
2003 2003
  - Total primary energy production: 802228 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 4007179 Billion Btu
2004 2004
  - Total primary energy production: 909534 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 4039591 Billion Btu
2005 2005
  - Total primary energy production: 931886 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 4069541 Billion Btu
2006 2006
  - Total primary energy production: 906549 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 3911618 Billion Btu
2007 2007
  - Total primary energy production: 901650 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 4037709 Billion Btu
2008 2008
  - Total primary energy production: 1047362 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 3987333 Billion Btu
2009 2009
  - Total primary energy production: 1043658 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 3651766 Billion Btu
2010 2010
  - Total primary energy production: 1041197 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 3774549 Billion Btu
2011 2011
  - Total primary energy production: 1078635 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 3729133 Billion Btu
2012 2012
  - Total primary energy production: 1069525 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 3580325 Billion Btu
  - Population: 11533561 persons
  - Median household income: 48246 US dollars
  - Median home value: 133700 US dollars
  - Unemployment rate: 9.6981288757426 percent
2013 2013
  - Total primary energy production: 1147093 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 3657338 Billion Btu
  - Population: 11549590 persons
  - Median household income: 48308 US dollars
  - Median home value: 130800 US dollars
  - Unemployment rate: 9.9661346350417 percent
2014 2014
  - Total primary energy production: 1547291 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 3761753 Billion Btu
  - Population: 11560380 persons
  - Median household income: 48849 US dollars
  - Median home value: 129600 US dollars
  - Unemployment rate: 9.1885452153629 percent
2015 2015
  - Total primary energy production: 2079830 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 3659377 Billion Btu
  - Population: 11575977 persons
  - Median household income: 49429 US dollars
  - Median home value: 129900 US dollars
  - Unemployment rate: 8.1666188677334 percent
2016 2016
  - Total primary energy production: 2412773 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 3611003 Billion Btu
  - Population: 11586941 persons
  - Median household income: 50674 US dollars
  - Median home value: 131900 US dollars
  - Unemployment rate: 7.247602956987 percent
2017 2017
  - Total primary energy production: 2696660 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 3556786 Billion Btu
  - Population: 11609756 persons
  - Median household income: 52407 US dollars
  - Median home value: 135100 US dollars
  - Unemployment rate: 6.45543697156 percent
2018 2018
  - Total primary energy production: 3354530 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 3697556 Billion Btu
  - Population: 11641879 persons
  - Median household income: 54533 US dollars
  - Median home value: 140000 US dollars
  - Unemployment rate: 5.8245906154433 percent
2019 2019
  - Total primary energy production: 3588947 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 3570278 Billion Btu
  - Population: 11655397 persons
  - Median household income: 56602 US dollars
  - Median home value: 145700 US dollars
  - Unemployment rate: 5.3212670816408 percent
2020 2020
  - Total primary energy production: 3189531 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 3346090 Billion Btu
  - Population: 11675275 persons
  - Median household income: 58116 US dollars
  - Median home value: 151400 US dollars
  - Unemployment rate: 5.3034418996397 percent
2021 2021
  - Total primary energy production: 3023674 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 3492261 Billion Btu
  - Population: 11769923 persons
  - Median household income: 61938 US dollars
  - Median home value: 159900 US dollars
  - Unemployment rate: 5.2656656845092 percent
2022 2022
  - Total primary energy production: 3025259 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 3516554 Billion Btu
  - Population: 11774683 persons
  - Median household income: 66990 US dollars
  - Median home value: 183300 US dollars
  - Unemployment rate: 5.0139708450369 percent
2023 2023
  - Total primary energy production: 3012720 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 3390080 Billion Btu
  - Population: 11780046 persons
  - Median household income: 69680 US dollars
  - Median home value: 199200 US dollars
  - Unemployment rate: 4.8458388271643 percent
  - East Palestine derailment and environmental response — After the East Palestine train derailment, federal, state, and local agencies continued environmental investigation, cleanup, monitoring, and reporting.
2024 2024
  - Total primary energy production: 3011962 Billion Btu
  - Total energy consumption: 3431919 Billion Btu
  - Population: 11810293 persons
  - Median household income: 71389 US dollars
  - Median home value: 214800 US dollars
  - Unemployment rate: 4.7604757406403 percent
2025 2025
  - Construction begins on the final Chesapeake Bypass segment — Construction began in 2025 on the final connection of the long-planned Chesapeake Bypass in Lawrence County in southern Ohio.

=== Regional places ===
- Major city: Columbus — Ohio’s capital is a central administrative, education, and service hub. Its statewide connections and the presence of Ohio State make it a useful anchor for understanding central Ohio.
- Major city: Cleveland — A major city on Lake Erie, Cleveland grew through the combination of water transport, rail links, and manufacturing. Its Great Lakes port and metropolitan role remain important.
- Major city: Cincinnati — Cincinnati developed around the Ohio River and remains a major southwestern metropolitan center. River transport and its cross-state urban region shape the area’s economic geography.
- nature_park: Cuyahoga Valley National Park — This national park protects the Cuyahoga River valley between Cleveland and Akron. It shows how natural conservation and a heavily developed industrial corridor can exist close together.
- nature_park: Hocking Hills State Park — Known for sandstone cliffs, gorges, and forested scenery, Hocking Hills represents the Appalachian landscape of southeastern Ohio, distinct from the state’s largest urban corridors.
- Education: The Ohio State University — A major research and higher-education institution in Columbus, Ohio State is central to the capital region’s education, research, and employment landscape.
- Landmark: National Museum of the United States Air Force — Located near Dayton at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, the museum connects modern aerospace history with the region’s long association with flight and technical innovation.
- Transport: Port of Cleveland — Cleveland’s Lake Erie port links northern Ohio to Great Lakes shipping and broader freight networks, reinforcing the city’s long-standing transport role.

=== Sources ===
- US_EIA TEPRB https://api.eia.gov/v2/seds/data/
- US_EIA TETCB https://api.eia.gov/v2/seds/data/
- US_CENSUS_DATA_API B01003_001E https://api.census.gov/data/2024/acs/acs5
- US_CENSUS_DATA_API B19013_001E https://api.census.gov/data/2024/acs/acs5
- US_CENSUS_DATA_API B25077_001E https://api.census.gov/data/2024/acs/acs5
- US_CENSUS_DATA_API B23025_003E+B23025_005E https://api.census.gov/data/2024/acs/acs5
